“Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”.
Photo: A 3D rendering of the endoplasmic reticulum. A matrix of fibers can be found within the cytoplasm, a structure referred to as the cytoskeleton, the function of which is to help the cell maintain its shape. The materials necessary for the cell’s survival such as enzymes, nutrients, salt, and water are found here, as are the various organelles belonging to the cell. Inside both the cell membrane and the cell wall is the cytoplasm, a jellylike substance that makes up the vast majority of the cell’s interior. The cell membrane also plays a role in regulating the balance and growth of the cell overall. The plasma membrane provides an additional layer of protection to the materials inside the cell, in addition to keeping desired substances bound within.
The plasma membrane is semi-permeable much like a cell wall. The function of the plasma membrane is to keep the cytoplasm and the rest of its contents, like nutrients and organelles, separated from the outside environment. Located just inside the cell wall is the cell membrane or plasma membrane. This is different from how animal cells separate, as they become two cells by being pinched in half, a process called cytokinesis. During cellular division, plant cells grow a new cell wall down the middle, separating one cell into two. Cell walls are not present in the cells of animals, but they are found in algae and fungus, in addition to plant cells. Cell walls are composed out of carbohydrate polymers referred to as cellulose. It must be permeable so that materials can move in and out of the cell, but rigid enough that it supports and protects the cell. The cell wall must be both permeable yet rigid. The cell wall’s function is to give protection to the cell and to support it. To start with, the entire cell is enveloped by a rigid structure called the cell wall. Let’s start from the outside and work our way inwards. The parts of a plant cell include the cell wall, the cell membrane, the cytoskeleton or cytoplasm, the nucleus, the Golgi body, the mitochondria, the peroxisome’s, the vacuoles, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. This will give us some insight into how plant cells differ from animal cells. Let’s go over the individual components of plant cells listed on a diagram such as the one above, and explore the roles that each of the organelles has. Examining a diagram of the plant cell will help make the differences clearer. In addition, plant cells differ from animal cells in a number of key ways. Plant cells contain many organelles such as ribosomes, the nucleus, the plasma membrane, the cell wall, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
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